Energy efficiency is widely regarded as one of the major challenges for wireless sensor networks. In the literature, the issue is normally addressed from the viewpoint of a specific protocol layer or functionality, such as medium access control (MAC) or routing. In this paper, energy conservation in wireless sensor networks is treated with a holistic approach and examined across all protocol layers and functionalities including MAC, topology management, routing and sensor protocols. The advantages and disadvantages of different protocols for different layers are reviewed and discussed. Some recommendations on the employment of protocols for small, medium and large scale wireless sensor networks are presented.
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