In this study, high-efficiency solar cells are presented with the use of low-cost industrially available technologies. This results in the so-called ZEBRA concept: a litho-free process in which standard 156 × 156 mm2 monocrystalline n-type Cz-Si wafers are processed into high-efficiency interdigitated back-contact solar cells. In our first attempt, we obtained energy conversion efficiencies of more than 20% on 239 cm2 area. With the help of a 3-D simulation of the device, a further improvement to more than 21.5% was determined.We indentify the open-circuit voltage and the large serial resistance as the main losses impeding from reaching the simulated efficiency. The cell results after an extensive optimization are presented in this study, focusing on the improvement of the fill factor of the cells. The optimized solar cells show an improvement in the energy conversion efficiency up to 21%. Furthermore, the simplemetallization and themodule interconnection design of the ZEBRA cells allow for a bifacial application. Indoor and outdoor I – V measurements on a bifacial one-cell-module show an enhancement in the total generated power of more than 12% as compared with a monofacial module.
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机译：在这项研究中，利用低成本的工业可用技术介绍了高效太阳能电池。这就是所谓的ZEBRA概念：无光刻工艺，其中将标准156×156 mm 2 单晶n型Cz-Si晶片加工成高效的叉指背接触式太阳能电池。在我们的第一次尝试中，我们在239 cm 2 的面积上获得了超过20％的能量转换效率。借助于器件的3D模拟，确定了进一步提高到21.5％以上的结果。我们确定开路电压和较大的串联电阻是阻碍达到模拟效率的主要损失。经过大量优化后的电池结果将在本研究中介绍，重点是改善细胞的填充因子。经过优化的太阳能电池的能量转换效率提高了21％。此外，ZEBRA电池的简单金属化和模块互连设计允许双面应用。双面单电池模块的室内和室外I–V测量显示，与单面模块相比，总发电量提高了12％以上。
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