THE USE OF BIO-WASTE FOR BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION IN EUROPEAN CITIES

摘要

The simultaneous energetic use of bio-waste, such as municipal solid waste (MSW) and catering/foodwaste, and the creation of a closed nutrient cycle is one of the main advantages of anaerobic digestion (AD) biogasplants as they convert waste materials to “desirable” feedstock. When compared to other treatment opportunities ofthe organic fraction of MSW, AD has several advantages. In comparison to waste incineration plants, AD plantsusually need lower investments and the distances for feedstock transport are generally shorter. Nutrients can be easierrecovered for agricultural production and wet feedstock does not have to be dried which is required for incineration.Similar to household scale or industrial scale composting, AD processes also recover nutrients, but the energy contentof the biomass is not utilised. In many European regions waste management is still a large problem and only fewbiogas plants use bio-waste for biogas production. Insufficient waste management practices are more dominant inurban areas. At the same time, European countries have to comply with the Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC and withthe Waste Framework Directive (WFD) 2008/98/EC to considerably reduce land filling of the biodegradable part ofMSW. They also have to comply with the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) 2009/28/EC. AD from waste has thepotential to contribute to the European targets of the above mentioned directives. Adjacent upgrading to biomethanequality and grid injection in the natural gas distribution network is an opportunity to efficiently use renewable energyin urban areas. This approach, Waste-to-Biomethane (WtB), is promoted by the UrbanBiogas project (Urban wastefor biomethane grid injection and transport in urban areas; May 2011 – April 2014) which is supported by theIntelligent Energy for Europe Programme of the European Union. The use of the untapped fraction of organic urbanwaste for biogas production is promoted by a bottom-up approach in which cities (municipalities) are directlyinvolved in all UrbanBiogas activities. The objective is to prepare 5 European target cities for the production ofbiomethane from urban waste which will be fed into the natural gas grids and optionally used for transport. The targetcities are: City of Zagreb (Croatia), Municipality of Abrantes (Portugal), City of Graz (Austria), City of Rzeszów(Poland), and North Vidzeme Region including the City of Valmiera (Latvia). Core of the project is theimplementation of working group meetings in the target cities, study tours and city exchange visits, in order toelaborate five WtB concepts for the target cities. The present paper gives an overview on options for the use of biowastefor biogas production. It shows current European legislation which supports the use of separate collected biowastein AD facilities. Finally, it presents the UrbanBiogastarget cities and the UrbanBiogas activities in order topromote the WtB concepts.