Mechanism Research of Toxic and Harmful Environmental Factors on Renal Damage in Children

摘要

Toxic and harmful substances in the environment are becoming an increasingly serious problem, with modern mining, processing and transport industries discharging serious toxic and harmful substances into the natural environment which are a threat to children's physical health, especially the kidneys. Renal damage is caused by a variety of harmful substances found in the environment including metal, nonmetal and organic compounds and radioactive materials. Some kidney damage may result from a single source and others may be from multiple sources of environmental factors including soil, water, air, construction and decoration materials, food and daily necessities. Nephrotoxic substances can be absorbed into the body in a single-invasive way or multiple ways including ingestion, inhalation, skin and mucous membrane contact absorption and radioactive invasive means. The roles of environmental nephrotoxicity have some common characteristics -most of them enter into the human body then reach the target damage organ through the blood, which usually injuries the kidneys, liver and nervous system. Most nephrotoxic metal and nonmetal elements such as Lead, Chromium, Thallium and Arsenic are mostly difficult to metabolize in the liver and damage to the body by mainly interfering with various enzymes and in the destruction of organelles. Most nephrotoxic organic compounds such as Formaldehyde and malachite green can be metabolized by liver, but might increase toxicity, and mainly disturb enzymes or increase free radicals to result in cell damage. Moreover, toxic substances and their metabolites are usually excreted through the urine by kidney and will inevitably lead to many aspects of kidney damage, including glomerular and tubular. Radioactive renal toxicity includes radiation damage and chemical damage. Early detection and intervention is a necessary means to prevent renal damage. The early stages of kidney poisoning can be detected by testing blood and urine, while early indicators of screening for renal damage, include urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), urinary N-a-acetylp-D glucosaminidase (NAG), urinary retinol binding protein (RBP), urinary microalbuminuria (mALB), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) detection can all indicate the degree of injury and guide treatment.