@@Although selenium (Se) is necessary from a nutritional standpoint,recognition of the fine divide between its beneficial and harmful levels has promoted researchers and government agencies to investigate its properties and potential impacts more intensely in recent years. Associated with these investigations is a renewed interest in the treatment and removal of Se from industrial wastewaters.Conventional and advanced chemical and physical treatment technologies are only partially effective in removing Se and related compounds from wastewaters due to their complex chemical nature.However,in recent years attention has turned toward development of novel and innovative biological treatment processes including in-situ anaerobic treatment,constructed wetlands,evaporation ponds,and other passive systems.Coupled with biological options,more emphasis is being placed on lowering Se levels through best management practices using methodologies for source control and water management. This paper provides a state of the art review of the biological remediation technologies along with a discussion of selected case studies (Hagelstein and Mudder,2009).
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