State-of-the-Art Review of Underground Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Heating and Cooling Buildings

摘要

Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) including the more common Borehole Thermal Energy Store (BTES) as well as Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems have been designed, installed and operated for over 25 years. Thousands of BTES and hundreds of large-scale ATES systems have been realized. Optimization techniques in utilizing a combination of natural sources of heat and cold and multiple demands in buildings are discussed. Specifically designs are reviewed, which utilize either the ground or an aquifer as a seasonal store in conjunction with or without heat pumps, cooling towers, dry coolers, and HEX in fresh air intake as sources of cold in the winter months and then used for building cooling during the warm months. Storing waste heat or heat in the summer months and used for heating buildings in the cold months either directly or with heat pumps and/or use of waste heat from cooling buildings in the summer is also presented. Hybrid systems are reviewed, which often provide base load building demand and smaller traditional HVAC systems for peaking demand.