A generalized geo-acoustic model of a fluid mud layer in estuaries of East China Sea has been derived from a large amount of field measurements of the bulk-density profiles of the layer, and of lab measurements of the acoustic velocities and attenuation coefficients of the fluid mud samples with different values of bulk-density for the frequencies of 100, 150, 500, and 1500 kHz. Based on the geo-acoustic model, the simulations of the acoustic reflection property of the fluid mud layer have been done by using the ray theory. The results confirm that the bulk-density profile of a fluid mud layer can be estimated and the effective water-depth for navigation in estuaries, which is defined by the criterion that the bulk-density of the fluid mud is less than 13 kN/m~3, can be determined by using echo sounding techniques.
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