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CENTRAL DIGRAPHS WITH NONTRIVIAL HOMOMORPHIC IMAGE

机译:具有非同质图像的中央图

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We conclude by exhibiting a technique for constructing a central digraph with a prescribed homomorphic image. Suppose H is a central digraph and we wish to construct a central digraph G with H as homomorphic image. The following procedure can be applied. 1. Color the arcs of H such that for each vertex v of H, every 2-path terminating at v has the same sequence of colors. (For maximum flexibility, use as many distinct colors as possible.) 2. To each color associate a positive integer and for each xeH let Γ_1(x) equal the positive integer associated with the common color of all arcs terminating at x, and let Γ_2(x) denote the positive integer associated with the common color of all arcs terminating at some inneighbor of x. 3. To each vertex x∈H assign a distinct set S(x) of points with cardinality Γ_1(x)Γ_2(x). 4. For each x∈H, organize the points of S(x) into an inclass M(x) consisting of Γ_2(x) insets, each with Γ_1 (x) points. Also organize S(x) into an outclass P(x) consisting of Γ_1(x) outsets, each with Γ_2(x) points. Do this, in accordance with Theorem 6iii, so that each inset intersects every outset in exactly one point. 5. Suppose x→y in H. Then by virtue of our coloring, Γ_1(x)=Γ_2(y), and thus the number of outsets in P(x) is equal to the nmber of insets in M(y). So for each arc x→y in H we can form a bijection Φ_(xy) between the collection of outsets in P(x) and the collection of insets in M(y). 6. Form a digraph G with vertex set {∪S(x): x∈H} and arc set determined as follows. If x→y is an arc of H, then for each outset L in P(x) insert an arc from each point of L to every point in the inset Φ_(xy)(L).
机译:最后,我们展示了一种利用规定的同态图像构造中心有向图的技术。假设H是中心有向图,我们希望构造一个以H为同态图像的中心有向图G。可以应用以下步骤。 1.对H的弧进行着色,以使得对于H的每个顶点v,在v处终止的每个2路径具有相同的颜色序列。 (为获得最大的灵活性,请使用尽可能多的不同颜色。)2.对于每种颜色,关联一个正整数,对于每个xeH,令Γ_1(x)等于与所有以x终止的圆弧的公共颜色关联的正整数,并令Γ_2(x)表示与在x的某个邻居处终止的所有圆弧的公共颜色相关的正整数。 3.对每个顶点x∈H分配基数为Γ_1(x)Γ_2(x)的不同点S(x)。 4.对于每个x∈H,将S(x)的点组织到一个由Γ_2(x)插图组成的Inclass M(x)中,每个插图都有Γ_1(x)个点。还要将S(x)组织到由Γ_1(x)起始点组成的外部P(x)中,每个起始点都有Γ_2(x)点。按照定理6iii进行此操作,以使每个插图都与每个插图恰好在一个点上相交。 5.假设H中的x→y。然后根据我们的着色,Γ_1(x)=Γ_2(y),因此P(x)中的起点数量等于M(y)中的起点数量。因此,对于H中的每个弧x→y,我们可以在P(x)中的起点集合与M(y)中的起点集合之间形成双射Φ_(xy)。 6.形成一个图G,其顶点集{xS(x):x∈H},弧集确定如下。如果x→y是H的弧,则对于P(x)中的每个起点L,从L的每个点到插入点Φ_(xy)(L)的每个点插入一个弧。

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