Some considerations about the sesmic analysis of piping under extreme loading ocnditions: part IV models

摘要

It is the objective of this paper to address the problem of the modeling of basic piping elements, such as straight pipes and elbows. Experimental and analytical data from the open literature have been reviewed and final models have bene elaborated.Such models are used for a more accurate analysis of the dynamic behavior of piping under extreme loading conditions as detailed in the companion paper.