The current global economic scenario has put a challenge to the steel makers to produce cleaner steel at low cost. Therefore, in Continuous Casting process shorter sequence is being converted to longer sequence length. This is a challenge to the refractory makers to design and develop equivalent tundish refractories to meet the requirement of the continuous casting shop.Longer sequence length depends upon the life of tundish vis-a-vis the life of Submerged Nozzle (SEN/SES) used between tundish and mould. Generally, two major failures in SEN/SES account i.e. Slag band erosion and clogging of bore. The slag band consists of zirconia-graphite composites, which come under group known as carbon bonded ceramics. Zirconia, graphite & metal additives are bonded with special resin binders that form strong bonds after firing in reducing atmosphere. It provides higher strength and withstands thermal shock during sudden changes of temperature in application.
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