Since the high demand for electricity in developing countries with large resources of anthracite, down-fired boilers have become of large interest in the last years. Anthracites typically of a low content of volatile matter and a high percentage of fixed carbon are difficult to ignite and completely burn. Boilers firing anthracites are usually down-fired and have large furnace volume. They are designed to obtain a good and stable ignition and to provide a residence time long enough to reach a high burnout of the low reactivity anthracites. The designing rules for anthracite boilers rely mainly on empiricism and on the measurements from existing furnaces and test facilities.
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