• MMC — VSC is the ideal HVDC technology • Half-bridge solutions are being used now • Full-bridge (or variants) can be used for DC grids • Symmetrical monopole topologies are in use now • Bi-pole topology may be used for larger rated schemes • DC grid control techniques are being developed • In Academia and Industry • DC grid protection techniques are being developed • DC circuit breakers are now in testing • Practical issue for DC grid connections • Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) requires too much space on a platform • Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) would be more compact • Higher cost of DC GIS vs Lower cost of platform.
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