Some Models to Simulate Runoff in Micro-watersheds of North-Western Tract of India: a Discussion

摘要

A correct assessment of peak runoff rate and volume is a pre-requisite for undertaking purposeful and judicious soil and water management programs i.e., designing appropriate land and water management practices, generating supplemental irrigation facilities etc. In the tract, there is scanty information on the accurate runoff records in watersheds. But on the other hand, daily rainfall records that are usually available which can be utilised to simulate runoff will be of great utility. Some empirical, semi-empirical and process based approaches have been attempted and evaluated by some studies conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. Most of these models lack in extrapolation of the results outside their range and conditions over which parameter values have been calibrated and these have not been tested on independent data sets at different sites. One of the recent developed model for estimation of runoff in the tract uses modified soil moisture accounting procedure needs suitable modification to simulate runoff at higher rainfall amounts. Some attempt(s) have been made to employ parameter optimization techniques to simulate runoff quite accurately from micro-watersheds in the area. Most of the developed, calibrated and validated models lack in extrapolation of results outside their working range and land uses