Mathematical and physical (both air and water) modelling have both been used to good effect to improve our understanding of the fluid flow aspects of flash smelting. Mathematical modelling however comes into its own when the complications of two-phase flow of particles and gas and chemical reactions are considered and it becomes necessary to consider heat and mass transfer and the consequences of high temperature. To create a comprehensive model of the burners and reaction shaft it is necessary to create sub models of the combustion reactions and to integrate these into the commercial packages which are usually used to model the fluid flow. The creation of such sub models for the combustion of fuel and concentrate and their integration into the CFD package are discussed as is the importance of validation and the use of data from physical models and plant measurements for this purpose.
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