Safer Approaches and Landings:A Multivariate Analysis of Critical Factors

摘要

The approach-and-landing phases of flight represent 27% of mission time while resulting in 61% of the accidentsrnand 39% of the fatalities. The landing phase itself represents only 1% of flight time but claims 45% of the accidents.rnInadequate crew situation awareness (SA), crew resource management (CRM) and crew decision making (DM)rnhave been implicated in 51%, 63% and 73%, respectively, of these accidents. The human factors constructs ofrnSA, CRM and DM were explored; a comprehensive defi nition of SA was proposed; and a “proactive defense”rnsafety strategy was recommended. Data from a 1997 analysis of worldwide fatal accidents by the Flight SafetyrnFoundation (FSF) Approach-and-Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Task Force was used to isolate crew-rnand weather-related causal factors that led to approach-and-landing accidents (ALAs). Logistic regression andrndecision-tree analysis were used on samplings of NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) incidentrnrecords (“near misses”) and the National Transportation Safety Board’s (NTSB’s) accident reports to examinernhypotheses regarding factors and factor combinations that can dramatically increase the opportunity for accidents.rnAn effective scale of risk factors was introduced for use by crews to proactively counter safety-related errorchainrnsituations.