NEW SAFETY MODEL FOR THE COMMERCIAL HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT INDUSTRY

摘要

The aviation and space domains have safetyrnguidelines and recommended practices for DesignrnOrganisations (DOs) and Operators alike. In terms ofrnAerospace DOs there are certification criteria to meetrnand to demonstrate compliance there are AdvisoryrnCirculars or Acceptable Means of Compliance tornfollow. Additionally there are guidelines such asrnAerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), MilitaryrnStandards (MIL-STD 882 series) and System SafetyrnHandbooks to follow in order to identify and managernfailure conditions. In terms of Operators there arernFAA guidelines and a useful ARP that details manyrntools and techniques in understanding Operator SafetyrnRisks. However there is currently no methodology forrnlinking the DO and Operator safety efforts. In thernspace domain NASA have provided safety standardsrnand guidelines to follow and also within Europe therernare European Co-operation of Space Standardizationrn(ECSS) to follow. Within the emerging CommercialrnHuman Spaceflight Industry, the FAA’s Office ofrnCommercial Space Transportation has providedrnhazard analysis guidelines. However all of these spacerndomain safety documents are based on the existingrnaerospace methodology and once again, there is nornlink between the DO and Operator’s safety effort.rnThis paper addresses the problematic issue andrnpresents a coherent methodology of joining up thernSystem Safety effort of the DOs to the OperatorrnSafety Risk Management such that a ‘Total System’rnapproach is adopted. Part of the rationale is that therncorrect mitigation (control) can be applied within therncorrect place in the accident sequence. Also thisrncontiguous approach ensures that the Operator is fullyrnaware of the safety risks (at the accident level) andrntherefore has an appreciation of the Total SystemrnRisk.rnThe authors of this paper contend that it is betterrnpractice to have a fully integrated safety model asrnopposed to disparate requirements or guidelines. Ourrnmethodology is firstly to review ‘best practice’rnapproaches from the aviation and space industries, andrnthen to integrate these approaches into a contiguousrnsafety model for the commercial human spaceflightrnindustry.