One important pathway tocommercialize black liquor gasification for a noticeable impact on the US IndustrialrnEnergy Market is to operate at an adequate scale. Larson et al (2003) suggest a 7 CFA gas turbine operating from arn1900 dry T/day pulping operation. However, many ageing mills do not operate at that scale and most new millsrnhave new Tomlinson boilers unlikely to retire in the next 15-20 years. If older, smaller mills face a rebuild, shutrndown or convert choice; it is arguably unlikely they will adopt the dual investments of a large scale gasificationrnsystem and scale up pulping operations at the same time. One option for impact in the 25 year horizon is thernbiorefinery but the exemplar or reference mill arguably should address the realities of those mills likely to bernconversion candidates in the intermediate term.rnThis work considers the adaptable integrated biorefinery that operates at a large scale for gasification but notrnperhaps at a large pulp making scale. This means that biorefinery conversions may look very different from place to place, producing different products, using different mixes of feed stocks and even producing different types of pulp. Without determining the optimal product array here, the basic economic principles that drive these choices (andrntherefore the research priorities) are all familiar. Product Diversification and Market Influence wherein the producer or pulp industry collectively has some market influence beyond vulnerable price-taking positions and the value cycles among the various products are counter-cyclic, or obey a standard portfolio position.rnRepresented here are the basic micro-economic concepts that can be rewritten as a formal investment model. Thisrnway of treating the adaptable biorefinery may open new venues unexplored. Under favorable conditions thatrnrespond to the pulp mills as they are it may be possible to locate biorefinery conversions where initial outlays remain more modest, new value streams may be drawn from agriculture as well as from forestry, and pulp mill adaptations may be a platform able to add new products (extracted chemicals, fuels, hydrogen cells) as they come on line rather than depend on these breakthroughs tocommence commercialization. Technical hurdles exist, but are perhaps less constraining than other technical hurdles tocommercialization in the shorter time horizon.
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