OIL SPILL MONITORING HANDBOOK

摘要

This paper describes a field handbook jointly prepared for the NewrnZealand (NZ) Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) and AustralianrnMSA (AMSA) to help plan the scope, scale, and design of oil spillrnmonitoring programs. A two-class monitoring nomenclature isrnused to classify monitoring according to its underlying purpose.rnType Ⅰ (Operational) Monitoring: provides information ofrndirect relevance to spill response operations, I.e. informationrnneeded to plan or execute response or cleanup strategies.rnType Ⅱ (Scientific) Monitoring: relates to non-response objectives,rnI.e. short and long term environmental damage assessmentsrn(including recovery), purely scientific studies, and all post spillrnmonitoring activities.rnThe two-class monitoring nomenclature recognizes the veryrndifferent objectives of Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ monitoring, and thernmethods, scope, and degree of scientific rigour required for each.rnThese in turn, have a significant bearing on the cost of the monitoring,rnand who will pay for it.rnCurrently, Type I monitoring costs are recovered in NZ andrnAustralia from the spiller (or insurer) alongside other operationalrnresponse costs. The handbook, formatted as a field pocket guide,rnprovides specific guidance as to what may be considered “necessary”rnand “reasonable” Type Ⅰ monitoring, as well as presentingrnguidelines for defining study objectives, spatial boundaries, monitoringrnparameters, sampling and assessment methods, study duration,rnlogistics, design constraints (and solutions), resources, andrntermination criteria. Type Ⅱ monitoring programs are usually notrnintegral to the response, and funding is less well defined, so TypernⅡ monitoring is not specifically addressed in the Handbook. However,rnmany of the Type Ⅰ guidelines are also relevant for Type Ⅱrnstudies.rnThe Handbook is intended to provide responders with sufficientrnguidance to determine the type of information necessary for anrnoperational spill response, and an overview of the methods commonlyrnused to collect the information needed to reach defensiblernspill response decisions in an appropriate time frame, and with anrnacceptable level of accuracy. The Handbook is supported by arnBackground Paper describing the key issues to be considered inrnestablishing a monitoring program.