This paper presents several workflows for constructingrnadequate flow models of the Jonah Field, located in Wyoming.rnThe numerical flow models were built by integrating seismic,rnpetrophysical, geological and engineering data, includingrnhydraulic fracture data. The reservoirs consist of several sandrnunits over a gross thickness of 4000ft in a fluvial depositionalrnenvironment. Reservoir rock permeabilities are in the microdarcyrnrange. The over-pressured reservoirs becomerneconomically viable only by hydraulic fracturing. Two majorrnchallenges of modeling the field are reservoir upscaling andrnappropriate representation of the hydraulic fractures.rnA streamline based flow model was utilized to upscalerngeological features. Some practical assumptions were made tornapply this technology to the Jonah Field study. Multiplernmodels were generated using different upscaling scenarios andrntechniques. The models were setup with the same boundaryrnconditions (injector-producer pairs, injection-production rates,rnetc), and their results were compared with the fine-gridrngeocellular model results. Pseudo fluid properties (lowrnviscosity) and very long time scale had to be used because ofrnthe low permeability of the sands. The fluid recovery andrninjected fluid breakthrough times for the flow models and therngeocellular model were then compared. The flow model withrnthe most reasonable volumetrics and flow characteristics wasrnchosen for the numerical simulation of the Jonah Field.rnJonah wells are hydraulically fractured with multi-stages.rnSingle well and sector models were utilized to determine thernultimate fracture properties that were used in the finalrnsimulation model. First, local grid refinement was used tornrepresent the fracture properties. Then, a parametric study wasrnconducted to establish the effective global cell properties thatrnare required to simulate the flow of hydrocarbons along thernhydraulic fracture without using the local grid refinements.rnProduction and pressure performance were compared over arnlong period of time. Effective permeability and pore volumerncalculation yielded the best results, and they were used duringrnthe history matching of the wells’ performances.
展开▼
