ACROLEIN: A COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR IRON SULFIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN PRODUCED WATERS

摘要

In any water-injection operation, the objective is to inject water into the reservoir rock withoutplugging or permeability reduction from particulate matter, dispersed oil, scale formation, bacterial growth, or clay swelling. Ideally, injection water should enter the reservoir free of suspended solids or oil. The amount and composition of suspended solids are primary indicators of water quality. Iron sulfide is commonly present as a suspended solid in produced water. Formation of iron sulfide frequently occurs under oilfield conditions from the interaction of iron with hydrogen sulfide (H_2S)in aqueous systems. Different forms of iron sulfide are formed under different environmental conditions produced as a result of both chemically and biologically mediated complex reactions. Furthermore these different forms of iron sulfide undergo various transformations when exposed to different environmental conditions. Both iron sulfide and H_2S cause serious operational and safety problems in water injection systems. H_2S can lead to formation of iron sulfide and can cause serious corrosion and toxicity problems. The most common problems that make iron sulfide highly undesirable, in produced water injection operations are:1. Plugging of equipment, fouling of injection lines and the formation face2. Lower water throughput and/or higher injection pressures3. Frequent filter changes at the well head, plant and other locations in the system.