With the development of nanotechnology, more and more nano-sized materials released into the environment and end up in natural water bodies, which triggered the so-called nano-pollution risks. Thus,the studies on (eco) toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) on aquatic organisms are of extreme importance. At the same time, NPs co-exist with other co-substrates in aquatic environments. Although the evidence has shown even at a low-level concentration, the co-existence of NPs affected the biotoxicity of other substrates in water bodies. As of yet, toxic effects of NPs in the presence of other environmental contaminants have seldom been reported.
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