Disclosed is a method for defining the stages of development of a cyanobacterial bloom, wherein the development of a cyanobacterial bloom is divided into five stages: a cyanobacteria wintering period, a resuscitation period, a rapid growth period, an outbreak period and a cyanobacteria decline period; the wintering period is defined based on the concentration/content ratio of algocyan/chlorophyll a; the resuscitation period is defined based on the relative expression levels of the phycocyanin synthesis gene PC-IGS, the algal toxin synthesis gene mcyA and the gas vesicle synthesis gene gvpC in the surface sediment; the cyanobacteria rapid growth period is defined based on the relative expression level of the ftsZ gene; the cyanobacteria outbreak period is defined based on the wind speed; and the cyanobacteria decline period is defined based on the relative expression level of the nblA gene and the ratio of glucose to neutral polysaccharides in dissolved organic matter.
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