In general, in one aspect, the invention features a method of fluorescence spectroscopy including providing a high-performance sensor that combines imaging with high intrinsic time resolution and high-rate capability, and resolving fluorescence data in four dimensions. The invention features a method for rapidly performing a Fluorescence-Lifetime Imaging Microscopy measurement including engaging a sensor that delivers a continuous data stream of time-and-location-tagged light detection events, and at a high rate of many light-detection events within the fluorescent lifetime of the molecular species of interest.
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