A superconducting chip comprising: superconducting qubits each including a Josephson junction, the superconducting qubits having resonance frequencies whose differences are due to a variation of the Josephson junction; anda transmission medium connected to the superconducting qubits, the transmission medium configured to immediately output a sequence of the resonance frequencies as an identifier of the chip, the transmission medium being selected from one or more transmission lines and a microwave cavity.
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