The present disclosure relates to use of GDF-15 as a safety biomarker for determining a toxicological effect of a Mdm2 inhibitor; an ex vivo method for determining a toxicological effect of a Mdm2 inhibitor in a subject, in particular for determining a likelihood of developing thrombocytopenia in a subject in response to administration of a dose of a Mdm2 inhibitor; methods of using a Mdm2 inhibitor in the treatment of cancer in a subject; a kit for use in predicting the likelihood that a patient having cancer will develop thrombocytopenia in response to a treatment with a dose of a Mdm2 inhibitor; a kit for use in treating a patient having cancer and related disclosure embodiments.
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