A sound velocity profile inversion method based on an inverted multi-beam echometer. Said method comprises the following steps: mounting, in an inverted manner, the multi-beam echometer on an underwater submerged buoy or fixing same to a water bottom, transmitting a beam to a water surface by means of a transmitting transducer array, and receiving an echo signal by means of a receiving transducer array; the multi-beam echometer obtaining an angle of arrival and arrival time of an echo according to the received echo signal; solving an EOF according to sound velocity profile prior information, and obtaining a dimension reduction primary function description method of the sound velocity profile; in combination with the EOF, a ray tracing algorithm, a surface sound velocity and multi-beam data, establishing an optimization model; according to the established optimization model, the arrival time and the angle of arrival of the received echo and the surface sound velocity, using an optimization algorithm to obtain an estimation result of the sound velocity profile of a measurement area; and further, calculating a water temperature profile of the measurement area by using an estimated value of the sound velocity profile. Said method can rapidly and accurately track fluctuations of the sound velocity profile and the temperature profile.
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