A broadband ultrathin sound absorption or sound insulation structure controlling an acoustic wave propagation path comprises at least one sound absorption unit or one sound insulation unit; and each sound absorption unit or sound insulation unit comprises at least one acoustic wave focused section and at least one acoustic wave absorption section. The acoustic wave focused section is formed by an acoustic wave focused cavity filled with acoustic material. The cavity is a variable-section cavity, and isotropic or anisotropic acoustic material is filled in the cavity. The anisotropic acoustic material is formed by embedding membranes or string nets into the isotropic acoustic material. The acoustic wave absorption section is formed by an acoustic wave absorption labyrinth passage filled with sound absorption materials. The passage is a labyrinth-shaped simply connected passage with a closed or open end, and communicates with the acoustic wave focused cavity. The acoustic wave focused section controls the acoustic wave propagation path through the change of a section of the cavity and the change of material equivalent parameters in the cavity, so that the acoustic waves are focused and propagate along the curve. The acoustic wave absorption section realizes efficient broadband sound absorption through the filled sound absorption materials and the arranged periodic local oscillators along an ultralong path of acoustic wave absorption labyrinth passage.
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