Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for performing operations using data from a data source. In one aspect, a method includes a neural network system including a controller neural network configured to: receive a controller input for a time step and process the controller input and a representation of a system input to generate: an operation score distribution that assigns a respective operation score to an operation and a data score distribution that assigns a respective data score in the data source. The neural network system can also include an operation subsystem configured to: perform operations to generate operation outputs, wherein at least one of the operations is performed on data in the data source, and combine the operation outputs in accordance with the operation score distribution and the data score distribution to generate a time step output for the time step.
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