An image identification and analysis-based system and method for predicting the quartz content of surrounding rock in a tunnel, the system comprising: a base (1) for fixation with a tunnel boring machine, an image acquisition module, a first driving connecting rod (2) and a sixth driving connecting rod (15) that are retractable, a control module and a quartz content prediction module, wherein the base (1) is connected to the image acquisition module by means of the first driving connecting rod (2), and a rod body of the first driving connecting rod (2) and the base (1) are connected one to the other by means of the sixth driving connecting rod (15); and the control module is used to send control instructions to the first driving connecting rod (2), the sixth driving connecting rod (15) and the image acquisition module, receive surrounding rock images transmitted by the image acquisition module, and send the images to the quartz content prediction module for quartz content prediction. The system is highly flexible, may acquire surrounding rock images of the entire tunnel space, and quickly obtain the quartz content on the basis of the surrounding rock images.
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