The invention discloses a method and a device for damping or absorbing sudden large stresses applied to a structure such as part of a civil engineering structure, characterised in that, integral with the structure (1), at least one first highly mechanically resistant metal sheet (5) and, integral with the base or with another element of the structure (2) on which the stresses must be transferred, at least a second highly mechanically resistant metal sheet (6) are provided, the said first and second metal sheets being mounted in sliding friction one against the other, and in that a pyrotechnic mechanism (10) is provided, the release of which is actuated when the stresses to be absorbed or damped occur, which mechanism brings the said first and second metal sheets together under pressure, which then act as a damping or blocking device.
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