A phage defense rotation strategy for use inthe successive fermentations of a substrate in afermentation plant is disclosed. The strategy comprises(a) fermenting substrate with a first bacterial culturecomprising a bacterial strain capable of fermenting thesubstrate and, preferably, carrying a first phage defensemechanism; and then (b) fermenting the substrate with asecond bacterial culture comprising a second bacterialstrain isogenic with the first bacterial strain, whereinthe second strain carries a second phage defensemechanism different from the first phage defensemechanism.Also disclosed is a mixed bacterial culturecapable of fermenting a substrate. The mixed culturecomprises (a) a first bacterial strain carrying a firstphage defense mechanism: and (b) a second bacterialstrain isogenic with the first strain, wherein the secondstrain carries a phage defense mechanism different fromthe phage defense mechanism carried by the first strain.
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