A rare-earth doped, lithium niobate, diffusion Bragg reflector laser (20) having a simplified structure and improved efficiency is disclosed. The laster has a pump source (22), a wavelength division multiplexer (41), a substrate (26) of lithium niobate doped with at least one rare earth element and having a feedback element (38), and a grating reflector (24). The grating reflector is formed from portions of an optical fibre and abuts one end of the doped substrate, such that the grating reflector and the feedback element of the doped substrate form a cavity for the laser. The doped substrate may include phase or amplitude modulators for FM or AM mode-locking operation.
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