The present disclosure includes description of chemical, biological, and/or biochemical reactor chips and/or reaction systems such as a microreactor systems having interpenetrating and/or semi-interpenetrating polymer networks, as well as methods for constructing and using such systems. In some cases, the interpenetrating and/or semi-interpenetrating polymer networks may be used to determine analytes, for example, by the incorporation of a reaction entity to a interpenetrating and/or semi-interpenetrating polymer network able to interact with the analytes, which may be physically included within the network (for example, physically entagled), or chemically bonded to a polymer within the network (for example, cross-linked) in some cases. In certain embodiments, a chip and/or a reaction system may be constructed so as to promote cell growth within it. In some embodiments, the chip and/or reaction system may include one or more reaction sites. The reaction sites can be very small, for example, with a volume of less than about 1 ml. In certain embodiments, a chip and/or reaction system is able to detect, measure and/or control an environmental factor such as the temperature, pressure, CO2 concentration, O2 concentration, relative humidity, pH, etc., associated with one or more reaction sites, by using one or more sensors, actuators, processors, and/or control systems. In certain embodiments, the disclosed devices can employ light-interacting components. These components may include waveguides, optical fibers, light sources, photodetectors, optical elements, and the like.
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