Architecture for minimizing an empirical error rate by discriminative adaptation of a statistical language model in a dictation and/or dialog application. The architecture allows assignment of an improved weighting value to each term or phrase to reduce empirical error. Empirical errors are minimized whether a user provides correction results or not based on criteria for discriminatively adapting the user language model (LM)/context-free grammar (CFG) to the target. Moreover, algorithms are provided for the training and adaptation processes of LM/CFG parameters for criteria optimization.
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