E-spring can be used as a passive vehicle suspension system of built-in damping, a passive vehicle suspension system with hydraulic damper, a semi-active vehicle suspension system of two opposite E-springs (10,11) of built-in damping, or a semi-active vehicle suspension system of two opposite E-springs (10,11) penetrated at line of external loading by hydraulic damper (12). The outer two arms of the E-shape of the spring are inclined so as to be horizontal while fully loaded ensuring safe compression pattern. The E-shape comprises two opposite sets of turns of different radius of curvature, one of small radius at the side of line of the applied external load and the opposite one of large radius which maximizes spring vertical deflection capability. Thickness throughout the length of the E-spring is graduated in order to minimize induced stresses, weight, and cost. The stiffness of the E-spring can be nonlinear to provide improved vibration isolation and can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing its number of turns. The E-spring can be made of Polymeric Matrix Composite of resin strengthened at nano-scale by nanometer-sized powder E-glass fibers. Moreover, the E-spring can be made of Metallic Matrix Composite or of whole metallic monolithic material.
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