A microfluidic cell sorter has a microfluidic structure (500) with a sample input channel (1 1 0) leading into an observation region (214), two buffer channels (1 1 8) configured to hydrodynamically focus a sample target cell (208) within the observation region, and at least two output channels (1 1 4). Apparatus directs the target cell into a selected output channel based on a cell sorting control signal (61 6). A CARS pulse source (524) generates CARS pulses (526), which are directed to the target cell within the observation region. A detector (530) detects CARS illumination scattered from the target signal and generates a spectrum signal based on the detected illumination. A processor (61 4) identifies the target cell based on the spectrum signal and generates the cell sorting control signal based on the identity of the target cell.
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