A method comprises: repeatedly presenting to a subject a training stimulus; presenting to the subject a diffuse, non-imaged visual stimulus along with the training stimulus; and presenting the diffuse, non-imaged visual stimulus to the subject without the training stimulus. The training stimulus elicits from the subject a selected physiological, psychological, emotional, or mechanical response. The diffuse, non-imaged visual stimulus is presented without the training stimulus so as to elicit the selected response. The diffuse, non-imaged visual stimulus is presented via a visual display and comprises a selected spatial pattern or arrangement of deviation of a selected parameter of the visual display from a reference level of that parameter. The diffuse, non-imaged visual stimulus is arranged so as to be perceived by the subject only at a subliminal or near-subliminal level. A video display and electronic processor can be arranged to present the training stimulus and the diffuse, non-imaged visual stimulus.
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