Piezoelectric vibration element, piezoelectric vibrator, piezoelectric oscillator, and methods of manufacturing the piezoelectric vibrator and stabilizing its frequency

摘要

A piezoelectric vibration element is provided which includes a piezoelectric substrate formed of a thickness slip based piezoelectric material and a metal layer formed on a surface of the piezoelectric substrate. In the piezoelectric vibration element, a surface of the metal layer is covered by a layer formed by chemical absorption with a material having a nonbonding electron pair.