Disclosed are a system and method for membrane fouling diagnosis in a seawater desalination process using a Kalman filter algorithm. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the system for membrane fouling diagnosis in a water-treatment process using a Kalman filter algorithm may comprise: a plant unit wherein inflow water is output as product water via an actual reverse-osmosis water-treatment process; a process-modelling unit for running a reverse-osmosis simulation process which simulates the plant unit, using input values that are the same as input values corresponding to the inflow water flowing into the plant unit; and a Kalman filter unit which compares difference values between the actual output value output via the plant unit and the simulation output value output via the process modelling unit, and which applies the difference values to a Kalman filter algorithm and thereby performs real-time estimation of the filter resistance coefficient in the process modelling unit.
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