HIERARCHICALLY STRUCTURAL AND BIPHILLIC SURFACE ENERGY DESIGNS FOR ENHANCED CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER

摘要

An apparatus comprising a base layer having one or more micro- nucleation sites thereon, wherein each of the micro-nucleation sites has a smooth surface. The apparatus also includes nanostructures located on the base layer and around the one or more micro-nucleation sites, wherein a group of tops of the nanostructures have a lower surface energy than a surface energy of the smooth surface.