The present disclosure relates to a vertebral balloon dilation system, comprising a rigid pushing tube (2), a balloon (1) made of membrane material and fixedly connected with a sealing head (11), a sleeve tube (3) sleeved on the pushing tube (2) and the balloon (1), and a liner core (4) slidably inserted into the pushing tube (2). When the vertebral balloon dilation system is operated, the sleeve tube (3) slides axially towards the proximal end of the pushing tube (2), and the balloon (1) is exposed. According to the present disclosure, the balloon (1) can be fed to the center or to the opposite side of the vertebral body simply by puncturing at only one side without drilling out a cavity in advance, thus simplifying surgical procedures, shortening duration of surgery, reducing the incidence of complications, alleviating the pain of patients and reducing the economic burden of patients.
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