The present disclosure provides an aqueous electrolyte based electrochemical test cell apparatus for in situ X-ray diffraction study of aqueous batteries, wherein the apparatus can include (a) a top body; (b) a center body having a recessed portion that defines a volume for containing an electrolyte and a working electrode support on which a working electrode is mounted; the center body further comprising means for mounting a reference electrode in close proximity of said working electrode, (c) a bottom body, and (d) a counter electrode disposed between said center body and bottom body. The in -situ X-ray electrochemical cell structure allows for continuous monitoring of the structural changes in electrode materials during charge-discharge cycles over wide range of Bragg angles.
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