The present disclosure describes a method of coupling a first aromatic compound to a second aromatic compound, the method comprising: (a) preparing a reaction mixture comprising the first aromatic compound, the second aromatic compound, a catalyst and water; the reaction mixture does not contain an external base, the reaction mixture having an initial pH of from 11 to 1; the catalyst having at least one group 10 atom; the first aromatic compound having a halogen, triflate or sulfonate substituent; the second aromatic compound having a boron-containing substituent; wherein, at least one of the first aromatic compound or the second aromatic compound includes one or more heteroatom; and (b) reacting the first aromatic compound and the second aromatic compound in the reaction mixture, the reaction mixture having a final pH following reaction of the first aromatic compound and the second aromatic compound.
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