A method of exploiting hydrocarbons from a sedimentary basin comprising at least one layer of carbonate sediments, by use of stratigraphic simulation is disclosed from measurements carried out on a rock sample from a carbonate layer of the basin studied, a series of diagenetic stages undergone by the sediments, the parameters of the microstructural model representative of the final diagenetic state of sediments, and minimum and maximum variations of the parameters for each diagenetic stage are determined. The mechanical parameters of the sediments of the layer are subsequently determined for each the diagenetic stage, using effective medium modelling and microstructural model parameter variations determined for each of the stages. The mechanical parameters which are taken into account for each diagenetic stage in a stratigraphic simulation in order to assess the petroleum potential of the basin studied.
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