A laser vibration detector (3)-based machine (1) cutting real-time vibration monitoring device and a vibration detection method, wherein the device comprises a laser vibration detector (3), a data collector and an industrial computer, the laser vibration detector (3) being connected to the industrial computer by means of the data collector. In order to block foreign matters such as a cutting liquid from affecting the laser vibration detector (3), the device is provided with optical path protectors at the laser vibration detector (3) and at points to be tested, wherein the optical path protector comprises a plurality of optical path protection sleeves (4) and an optical path converter (5) used for connecting the bent optical path protection sleeves (4); the optical path protection sleeves (4) may be mutually spliced, and may be coupled with the laser vibration detector (3), so as to allow a laser beam emitted from the laser vibration detector (3) to be projected to any location of the machine (1), thereby obtaining a vibration response at any location while the machine (1) is in cutting vibration.
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