A signal-of-interest (SOI) may be separated from interference and/or noise using repeated reduced rank minimum mean-square error Fractional Fourier Transform (MMSE-FrFT) filtering and a low rank adaptive multistage Wiener filter (MWF). A number of stages in the MWF, L, may be chosen such that at the Lth stage, the MSE between the SIM estimate and the true SW is less than or equal to an error threshold ∈ (e.g., ∈=0.001). By combining these filtering techniques, significant improvement in reducing the mean-square error (MSE) may be realized over single stage MMSE-FrFT, repeated MMSE-FrFT, and MMSE-FFT algorithms—indeed, by an order of magnitude or more.
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