An electrochemical sensor, including a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The working electrode may include a transition metal, and is contacted with a solution including an alkaline media for oxidation of the transition metal, such that the sensor may be used to provide data to quantify the amount of a pathogen in the solution. In certain embodiments, the transition metal of the working electrode is nickel. In other embodiments, the working electrode includes graphene- layered nickel. And, in certain embodiments, the working electrode may be a rotating disk electrode, wherein the working electrode rotates in a solution including an alkaline media.
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