A full-polarization-radar-data-based method for recognizing distribution characteristics of a fabric and an ice flow field inside an ice sheet. Since there is a correlation between a second-order fabric orientation tensor of an ice crystal inside an ice sheet and a dielectric constant tensor thereof, in the method, a dielectric constant tensor of each reflecting layer inside the ice sheet and a rotation angle thereof are obtained from a full-polarization radar echo signal using a layer-by-layer recurrence method, then a second-order orientation tensor characteristic value of an ice fabric is obtained by means of calculation and the type of the fabric is recognized, and then the direction and spatial distribution characteristic information of an ice flow are extracted according to a correlation between the fabric, stress deformation and the ice flow. The method has the characteristics of rapidness, high efficiency, no loss, low expense investment, etc., and a measurement method for radar detection is flexible and coverage is large; and spatial distribution information of a fabric and an ice flow field inside an ice sheet in a large range can be rapidly obtained by means of polarization radar measurement.
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