Disclosed is a primary frequency regulation optimization control method corrected based on a stored exergy of thermal systems of a coal-fired unit. The temperature and pressure of working media and metal wall surfaces of thermal systems of a coal-fired unit are measured and recorded in real time, and are converted into the amount of stored exergy of the thermal systems. In a transient operation process, the maximum amount of power output of schemes is obtained according to the variation of the stored exergy before and after different types of thermal system adjustment schemes are applied, and then the optimal primary frequency regulation control scheme can be selected by comparing the maximum amount of power output with the maximum amount of power adjustment required for adjusting the current frequency. A primary frequency regulation control logic is corrected so as to efficiently and accurately participate in primary frequency regulation control and maintain the electrical grid frequency rapid and stable. According to the present invention, the accuracy of determination of the actual effect of different types of thermal system adjustment schemes is improved, and the blindness of selection of a primary frequency regulation scheme is reduced, thereby greatly improving the operation flexibility of the transient operation of a coal-fired power generation unit.
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