A method for generating nanobubbles or nanodroplets comprises providing a volume for accommodating a liquid, distributing a medium within the liquid and generating an electric field using an electrode in the proximity of the volume for facilitating the generation of nanobubbles or nanodroplets wherein the electrode and the liquid are not in direct electrical contact to prevent electrolysis occurring within the volume. An apparatus for generating nanobubbles comprises a volume 102 for accommodating a liquid, a source 118 for supplying a medium to the volume for distribution within the liquid and an electrode 104 for generating an electric field in the proximity of the volume to facilitate the generation of nanobubbles and droplet wherein the electrode and the liquid are not in direct electrical contact to avoid electrolysis. The medium may be a gas or liquid. The electrode ideally consists of a cathode 123 and anode 124 which are coated with an electrically insulating material. The apparatus may comprise cooling means 106, 107, 106. A method of releasing nanobubbles or nanodroplets from a liquid by applying at least one of an acoustic signal or electromagnetic signal to the liquid.
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